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HB 449

Relating to the unlawful production or distribution of sexually explicit media using deep fake technology.

89th Legislature (2025) Introduced by Keith Bell and 8 co-sponsors

Texas bill criminalizes non-consensual sexually explicit deepfakes but was vetoed by Governor over unresolved concerns about language or scope.

Vetoed by the Governor
#artificialintelligence(iq7c5) #computers&software(s2425) #crimes--againstpersons--sexual(i0171) #electronicinformationsystems(i0311) #minors--crimesagainst(i0532) #videotape&film(s2361)
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Bill Summary · HB 449

Legislative bill overview

HB 449 would criminalize the creation and distribution of sexually explicit deepfake media without consent. The bill establishes legal penalties for producing or sharing synthetic sexual imagery of real people, addressing a growing technology-enabled harm. This legislation aims to protect individuals from non-consensual sexual deepfakes while defining the scope of illegal conduct.

Why is this important

Deepfake sexual imagery causes severe psychological harm to victims and has become increasingly easy to create. Without legal recourse, victims currently have limited options to stop distribution or hold perpetrators accountable. This bill addresses a real gap in Texas law by creating specific criminal liability for a harmful practice that disproportionately affects women and minors.

Potential points of contention

  • First Amendment concerns: Critics may argue that restrictions on synthetic imagery, even non-consensual sexual content, raise free speech questions about where the government can draw lines on digital expression
  • Definitional challenges: The bill must precisely define what constitutes a "sexually explicit" deepfake to avoid overly broad enforcement that could capture parody, satire, or artistic content
  • Enforcement and technology: Law enforcement faces practical challenges detecting, investigating, and prosecuting deepfakes, especially when creators operate anonymously or across state lines
  • Governor's veto reasoning: The veto suggests concerns about the bill's current language, scope, or implementation approach that weren't resolved during the legislative process

Compiled from official sources — confirm details with the bill’s official record.

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