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HB 4404

Civil procedure: civil actions; immunity from civil action for individual who uses force in compliance with self-defense act; provide for. Amends secs. 2922b & 2922c of 1961 PA 236 (MCL 600.2922b & 600.2922c).

2025-2026 Regular Session Introduced by Jim DeSana

Michigan bill granting civil immunity to individuals whose self-defense force use complies with state law, preventing lawsuits against lawful defenders.

bill electronically reproduced 04/29/2025
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Bill Summary · HB 4404

Legislative bill overview

HB 4404 amends Michigan's civil procedure law to provide immunity from civil lawsuits for individuals who use force in self-defense in accordance with the state's self-defense act. The bill modifies existing statutes (MCL 600.2922b & 600.2922c) that govern civil liability related to self-defense claims. This would prevent individuals from being sued civilly if their use of force is determined to be lawful self-defense.

Why is this important

Self-defense cases can result in both criminal and civil litigation, meaning a person could be acquitted of criminal charges but still face costly civil lawsuits from alleged victims or their families. This bill would shield lawful self-defenders from the financial burden and legal exposure of civil cases, reducing the practical cost of exercising self-defense rights. The measure addresses the concern that civil liability might deter people from legally defending themselves.

Potential points of contention

  • Litigation bar vs. justice access: Opponents may argue that immunity prevents victims of excessive or questionable force from seeking civil remedies, while supporters contend it protects people making split-second defensive decisions from ruinous lawsuits.
  • Definition of "lawful" self-defense: Ambiguity about what constitutes compliance with the self-defense act could lead to disputes over whether immunity applies in borderline cases where force necessity is debatable.
  • Burden of proof: The bill's language regarding how immunity is established (preponderance of evidence vs. clear and convincing standard) will affect whether defendants or plaintiffs bear litigation costs before immunity is determined.

Compiled from official sources — confirm details with the bill’s official record.

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