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Bill

S 4591

NO FAKES Act of 2026

119th Congress Introduced by Marsha Blackburn and 15 co-sponsors

Protects a person’s voice and likeness from unauthorized use in media and AI, requiring consent and enabling damages, injunctions, and enforcement.

Committee on the Judiciary. Reported by Senator Grassley with an amendment in the nature of a substitute. Without written report.
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Bill Summary · S 4591

Summary of Bill S.4591 (119th Congress)

Purpose and intent

S.4591 is a United States Senate bill introduced in 2026 with the stated aim of protecting intellectual property rights in the voice and visual likenesses of individuals. The bill seeks to provide legal protections related to the use of a person’s voice and image (likeness) in various media and commercial contexts, addressing unauthorized or exploitative uses that could mislead, defraud, or otherwise infringe on the rights and economic interests of the individual depicted or represented.

Key provisions and changes (anticipated / as described by title and sponsors)

  • Protection scope for voice and likeness: Establishes or strengthens rights regarding the capture, reproduction, distribution, and use of an individual’s voice and visual likeness. This could cover recordings, digital avatars, deepfakes, synthetic voice technologies, and other likeness-representative media.
  • Unauthorized use prohibitions: Prohibits certain uses of a person’s voice or likeness without appropriate consent or legal authorization, especially in contexts that could mislead consumers or harm the person’s reputation or economic interests.
  • Consent and authorization mechanisms: Likely sets standards for obtaining consent, including potential waivers, licensing frameworks, or opt-in/opt-out regimes. Could outline required disclosures, attribution, or limitations on transfer and sublicensing of rights.
  • Damages and remedies: Establishes remedies for violations, which may include actual damages, statutory damages, injunctions, and possible attorney’s fees. May outline carve-outs for fair use or legitimate artistic, satirical, or transformative expressions depending on the final language.
  • Regulatory/administrative framework: Could create enforcement mechanisms, oversight provisions, and a role for specific agencies or courts to handle disputes and penalties.
  • Preemption or state coordination: Addresses whether protections are federal, with possible interaction or alignment with existing state laws on publicity rights and personality rights.

Who would be affected

  • Individuals (public figures and private persons): Those whose voice or visual likeness is used in media, advertising, entertainment, AI-generated content, or other digital representations.
  • Content creators and producers: Filmmakers, broadcasters, advertisers, game developers, and creators using synthetic voices or likenesses, who may need to obtain licenses or ensure compliance.
  • AI and tech companies: Providers of voice synthesis, deepfake, avatar creation, and related technologies that generate or manipulate biometric-like media, potentially subject to compliance requirements.
  • Rights holders and licensees: People or entities with established rights in a voice or likeness (e.g., performers, talent agencies) who may gain clearer enforcement pathways and monetization protections.
  • Courts and enforcement bodies: Judicial and regulatory systems tasked with interpreting rights, handling disputes, and awarding remedies.

Procedural and timeline aspects

  • Introduced and referred: The bill was introduced in the Senate and read twice, then referred to the Committee on the Judiciary for consideration (as of May 20, 2026).
  • Legislative progression: As a committee-referred bill, it would typically undergo committee hearings, potential amendments, and committee votes before proceeding to the full Senate floor. If passed, it would move to the House of Representatives or face further negotiation.
  • Sponsorship: Broad bipartisan sponsorship is indicated, with notable co-sponsors from both parties, suggesting potential cross-cutting interest in protecting personality rights in the digital age.

Potential impacts and considerations

  • Rights protection vs. innovation: The bill aims to strengthen individual protections against misrepresentation and exploitation, while potentially raising compliance costs for creators and platforms utilizing synthetic media.
  • Enforcement challenges: Proving misuse involving synthetic voices or complex digital likenesses could require careful evidentiary standards and tech-specific enforcement mechanisms.
  • Technological neutrality: The effectiveness of the bill will depend on precise definitions (e.g., what constitutes a voice or visual likeness, what qualifies as unauthorized use) and how it accommodates legitimate uses (education, satire, journalism, and consent-based licensing).

If you’d like, I can tailor this summary to emphasize particular sections (e.g., enforcement, civil remedies, or regulatory structure) or compare it with related existing laws on publicity rights and synthetic media.

Compiled from official sources — confirm details with the bill’s official record.

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